Accès gratuit
Numéro
Réanimation
Volume 24, Numéro 3, Mai 2015
Infectieux
Page(s) 236 - 248
Section Article De Synthèse / Review Article
DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-015-1046-6
Publié en ligne 23 mars 2015
  • Bajaj JS, O’Leary JG, Wong F, et al (2012) Bacterial infections in end-stage liver disease: current challenges and future directions. Gut 61:1219–25 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Fernandez J, Acevedo J, Castro M, et al (2012) Prevalence and risk factors of infections by multiresistant bacteria in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Hepatology 55:1551–61 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Fernandez J, Gustot T (2012) Management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 56:S1–S12 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Jalan R, Fernandez J, Wiest R, et al (2014) Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013. J Hepatol 60:1310–24 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Pleguezuelo M, Benitez JM, Jurado J, et al (2013) Diagnosis and management of bacterial infections in decompensated cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 5:16–25 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Fernandez J, Navasa M, Gomez J, et al (2002) Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology 35:140–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Gustot T, Durand F, Lebrec D, et al (2009) Severe sepsis in cirrhosis. Hepatology 50:2022–33 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Merli M, Lucidi C, Giannelli V, et al (2010) Cirrhotic patients are at risk for health care-associated bacterial infections. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:979–85 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Jalan R, Gines P, Olson JC, et al (2012) Acute-on chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 57:1336–1348 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, et al (2013) Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 144:1426–37, 1437 e1421–e9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Taneja SK, Dhiman RK (2011) Prevention and management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. Int J Hepatol 2011:784540 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Arabi YM, Dara SI, Memish Z, et al (2012) Antimicrobial therapeutic determinants of outcomes from septic shock among patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 56:2305–15 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Galbois A, Aegerter P, Martel-Samb P, et al (2014) Improved prognosis of septic shock in patients with cirrhosis: a multicenter study*. Crit Care Med 42:1666–75 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Moss M, Bucher B, Moore FA, et al (1996) The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. JAMA 275:50–4 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Moss M, Burnham EL (2003) Chronic alcohol abuse, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med 31:S207–S12 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Gacouin A, Legay F, Camus C, et al (2008) At-risk drinkers are at higher risk to acquire a bacterial infection during an intensive care unit stay than abstinent or moderate drinkers. Crit Care Med 36:1735–41 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • de Wit M, Best AM, Gennings C, et al (2007) Alcohol use disorders increase the risk for mechanical ventilation in medical patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:1224–30 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Sipeki N, Antal-Szalmas P, Lakatos PL, Papp M (2014) Immune dysfunction in cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 20:2564–77 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Brown LA, Cook RT, Jerrells TR, et al (2006) Acute and chronic alcohol abuse modulate immunity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30:1624–31 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Szabo G, Mandrekar P (2009) A recent perspective on alcohol, immunity, and host defense. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33:220–32 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Meersseman W, Vandecasteele SJ, Wilmer A, et al (2004) Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:621–5 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Halilovic J, Heintz BH (2014) Antibiotic dosing in cirrhosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 71:1621–34 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Arvaniti V, D’Amico G, Fede G, et al (2010) Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 139(1246–56), 1256. e1241–e5 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • Sauneuf B, Champigneulle B, Soummer A, et al (2013) Increased survival of cirrhotic patients with septic shock. Crit Care 17:R78 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Belcher JM, Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, et al (2013) Association of AKI with mortality and complications in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 57:753–62 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Fede G, D’Amico G, Arvaniti V, et al (2012) Renal failure and cirrhosis: a systematic review of mortality and prognosis. J Hepatol 56:810–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Borzio M, Salerno F, Piantoni L, et al (2001) Bacterial infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a multicentre prospective study. Dig Liver Dis 33:41–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Singal AK, Salameh H, Kamath PS (2014) Prevalence and in-hospital mortality trends of infections among patients with cirrhosis: a nationwide study of hospitalised patients in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 40:105–12 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Olson JC, Wendon JA, Kramer DJ, et al (2011) Intensive care of the patient with cirrhosis. Hepatology 54:1864–72 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Foreman MG, Mannino DM, Moss M (2003) Cirrhosis as a risk factor for sepsis and death: analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Chest 124:1016–20 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Chastre J, Fagon JY (2002) Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:867–903 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Manno D, Puoti M, Signorini L, et al (2009) Risk factors and clinical characteristics associated with hospitalization for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in HIV-positive patients according to the presence of liver cirrhosis. Infection 37:334–9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Castellote J, et al (2011) Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical features, outcomes, and usefulness of severity scores. Medicine (Baltimore) 90:110–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Hung TH, Lay CJ, Chang CM, et al (2013) The effect of infections on the mortality of cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Epidemiol Infect 141:2671–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Happel KI, Nelson S (2005) Alcohol, immunosuppression, and the lung. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2:428–32 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • Rudolph SJ, Landsverk BK, Freeman ML (2003) Endotracheal intubation for airway protection during endoscopy for severe upper GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 57:58–61 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Thomson A, Tye-Din J, Tonga S, et al (2007) Aspiration in the context of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol 21:223–5 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005) Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcareassociated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:388–416 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al (2007) Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 44:S27–S72 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Cook RT (1998) Alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and damage to the immune system: a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:1927–42 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Lau A, von Dossow V, Sander M, et al (2009) Alcohol use disorder and perioperative immune dysfunction. Anesth Analg 108:916–20 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Aoyama T, Paik YH, Seki E (2010) Toll-like receptor signaling and liver fibrosis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2010 [Google Scholar]
  • Uhrig A, Banafsche R, Kremer M, et al (2005) Development and functional consequences of LPS tolerance in sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver. J Leukoc Biol 77:626–33 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Guarner-Argente C, Sanchez E, Vidal S, et al (2010) Toll-like receptor 4 D299G polymorphism and the incidence of infections in cirrhotic patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31:1192–9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Zimmermann HW, Seidler S, Nattermann J, et al (2010) Functional contribution of elevated circulating and hepatic non-classical CD14CD16 monocytes to inflammation and human liver fibrosis. PLoS One 5:e11049 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Gacouin A, Roussel M, Gros A, et al (2012) Chronic alcohol exposure, infection, extended circulating white blood cells differentiated by flow cytometry and neutrophil CD64 expression: a prospective, descriptive study of critically ill medical patients. Ann Intensive Care 2:50 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Lin CY, Tsai IF, Ho YP, et al (2007) Endotoxemia contributes to the immune paralysis in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 46:816–26 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Rimola A, Soto R, Bory F, et al (1984) Reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in cirrhosis and its relation to bacterial infections and prognosis. Hepatology 4:53–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Bruns T, Peter J, Hagel S, et al (2011) The augmented neutrophil respiratory burst in response to Escherichia coli is reduced in liver cirrhosis during infection. Clin Exp Immunol 164:346–56 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Homann C, Varming K, Hogasen K, et al (1997) Acquired C3 deficiency in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis predisposes to infection and increased mortality. Gut 40:544–9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Carpenter EL, Mick R, Ruter J, Vonderheide RH (2009) Activation of human B cells by the agonist CD40 antibody CP-870, 893 and augmentation with simultaneous toll-like receptor 9 stimulation. J Transl Med 7:93 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Massonnet B, Delwail A, Ayrault JM, et al (2009) Increased immunoglobulin A in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: exploring the response of B cells to Toll-like receptor 9 activation. Clin Exp Immunol 158:115–24 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Opitz B, van Laak V, Eitel J, Suttorp N (2010) Innate immune recognition in infectious and noninfectious diseases of the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181:1294–309 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Knapp S, Wieland CW, van ‘t Veer C, et al (2004) Toll-like receptor 2 plays a role in the early inflammatory response to murine pneumococcal pneumonia but does not contribute to antibacterial defense. J Immunol 172:3132–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Malley R, Henneke P, Morse SC, et al (2003) Recognition of pneumolysin by Toll-like receptor 4 confers resistance to pneumococcal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:1966–71 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • Wallaert B, Colombel JF, Prin L, et al (1992) Bronchoalveolar lavage in alcoholic liver cirrhosis. T-lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin concentrations. Chest 101:468–73 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Foreman MG, Hoor TT, Brown LA, Moss M (2002) Effects of chronic hepatic dysfunction on pulmonary glutathione homeostasis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26:1840–5 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Propst-Graham KL, Preheim LC, Vander Top EA, et al (2007) Cirrhosis-induced defects in innate pulmonary defenses against Streptococcus pneumoniae. BMC Microbiol 7:94 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Spies CD, von Dossow V, Eggers V, et al (2004) Altered cell-mediated immunity and increased postoperative infection rate in long-term alcoholic patients. Anesthesiology 100:1088–100 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Stoltz DA, Nelson S, Kolls JK, et al (2000) In vitro ethanol suppresses alveolar macrophage TNF-alpha during simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:135–40 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • MacGregor RR, Louria DB (1997) Alcohol and infection. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 17:291–315 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Brown LA, Harris FL, Ping XD, Gauthier TW (2004) Chronic ethanol ingestion and the risk of acute lung injury: a role for glutathione availability? Alcohol 33:191–7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Greenberg SS, Zhao X, Hua L, et al (1999) Ethanol inhibits lung clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a neutrophil and nitric oxide-dependent mechanism, in vivo. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:735–44 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Pruett SB, Zheng Q, Fan R, et al (2004) Acute exposure to ethanol affects Toll-like receptor signaling and subsequent responses: an overview of recent studies. Alcohol 33:235–9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Pruett SB, Zheng Q, Fan R, et al (2004) Ethanol suppresses cytokine responses induced through Toll-like receptors as well as innate resistance to Escherichia coli in a mouse model for binge drinking. Alcohol 33:147–55 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Kim BI, Kim HJ, Park JH, et al (2011) Increased intestinal permeability as a predictor of bacterial infections in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and hemorrhage. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26:550–7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Thabut D, Massard J, Gangloff A, et al (2007) Model for end-stage liver disease score and systemic inflammatory response are major prognostic factors in patients with cirrhosis and acute functional renal failure. Hepatology 46:1872–82 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Kim YK, Kim Y, Shim SS (2009) Thoracic complications of liver cirrhosis: radiologic findings. Radiographics 29:825–37 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Gacouin A, Roussel M, Le Priol J, et al (2014) Acute alcohol exposure has an independent impact on C-reactive protein levels, neutrophil CD64 expression, and subsets of circulating white blood cells differentiated by flow cytometry in nontrauma patients. Shock 42:192–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Azoulay E, Mokart D, Lambert J, et al (2010) Diagnostic strategy for hematology and oncology patients with acute respiratory failure: randomized controlled trial. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 182:1038–46 [Google Scholar]
  • Hung TH, Tseng CW, Hsieh YH, et al (2013) High mortality of pneumonia in cirrhotic patients with ascites. BMC Gastroenterol 13:25 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Di Pasquale M, Esperatti M, Crisafulli E, et al (2013) Impact of chronic liver disease in intensive care unit acquired pneumonia: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med 39:1776–84 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Moreau R (2013) Le sepsis dans la cirrhose. Réanimation 22:S391–S6 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • Jalan R, Stadlbauer V, Sen S, et al (2012) Role of predisposition, injury, response and organ failure in the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective cohort study. Critical Care 16:R227 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • Rabe C, Schmitz V, Paashaus M, et al (2004) Does intubation really equal death in cirrhotic patients? Factors influencing outcome in patients with liver cirrhosis requiring mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 30:1564–71 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Levesque E, Saliba F, Ichai P, Samuel D (2014) Outcome of patients with cirrhosis requiring mechanical ventilation in ICU. J Hepatol 60:570–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Jalan R, Saliba F, Pavesi M, et al (2014) Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 61:1038–47 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Levesque E, Hoti E, Azoulay D, et al (2012) Prospective evaluation of the prognostic scores for cirrhotic patients admitted to an intensive care unit. J Hepatol 56:95–102 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Das V, Boelle PY, Galbois A, et al (2010) Cirrhotic patients in the medical intensive care unit: early prognosis and long-term survival. Crit Care Med 38:2108–16 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Wehler M, Kokoska J, Reulbach U, et al (2001) Short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with cirrhosis assessed by prognostic scoring systems. Hepatology 34:255–61 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Fagiuoli S, Colli A, Bruno R, et al (2014) Management of infections in cirrhotic patients: report of a Consensus Conference. Dig Liver Dis 46:204–12 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Cardenas A, Kelleher T, Chopra S (2004) Review article: hepatic hydrothorax. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20:271–9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Sherman SC (2003) Reexpansion pulmonary edema: a case report and review of the current literature. J Emerg Med 24:23–7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al (2010) Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med 362:1708–19 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Davies A, Jones D, Bailey M, et al (2009) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 2009 influenza A (H1N1) Acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 302:1888–95 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Noah MA, Peek GJ, Finney SJ, et al (2011) Referral to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and mortality among patients with severe 2009 influenza A (H1N1). JAMA 306:1659–68 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Pham T, Combes A, Roze H, et al (2013) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pandemic influenza A(H1N1)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study and propensity-matched analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187:276–85 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Pinto R, et al (2009) Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in Canada. JAMA 302:1872–9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Brun-Buisson C, Richard JC, Mercat A, et al (2011) Early corticosteroids in severe influenza A/H1N1 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183:1200–6 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Marzano A, Marengo A, Ruggiero T, et al (2013) Clinical impact of A/H1/N1/09 influenza in patients with cirrhosis: experience from a nosocomial cluster of infection. J Med Virol 85:1–7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Gustot T, Maillart E, Bocci M, et al (2014) Invasive aspergillosis in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 60:267–74 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Faria LC, Ichai P, Saliba F, et al (2008) Pneumocystis pneumonia: an opportunistic infection occurring in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20:26–8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Lin YT, Wu PH, Lin CY, et al (2014) Cirrhosis as a risk factor for tuberculosis infection: a nationwide longitudinal study in Taiwan. Am J Epidemiol 180:103–10 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Cho YJ, Lee SM, Yoo CG, et al (2007) Clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Respirology 12:401–5 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, et al (2008) Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 46:327–60 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Les statistiques affichées correspondent au cumul d'une part des vues des résumés de l'article et d'autre part des vues et téléchargements de l'article plein-texte (PDF, Full-HTML, ePub... selon les formats disponibles) sur la platefome Vision4Press.

Les statistiques sont disponibles avec un délai de 48 à 96 heures et sont mises à jour quotidiennement en semaine.

Le chargement des statistiques peut être long.